SOME DATES

XVe S. (2e half) Louis XI creates the monopoly of the postes.

1793-23-7 monopoly of the telegraphs in spite of the Declaration of the human rights (Article 11).

1837-2-3 law prohibiting the transmissions, without authorization, of signals using telegraphic machines or any other means. -2 and 6-5 laws founding the monopoly of the transmissions télégraphiques.

1851-27-12 Order in Council establishing the monopoly of the State on the telephone lines whose services are opened with the public (telegraph then telephone). Defines the methods of their contrôle.

1904 telegraphic station (TSF: wireless telegraphy) of the Eiffel tower created by the Ferrié captain with the assistance of the Observatory of Paris.

1910-1-1 the word television appears in illustrated France (hebdo published by the?uvre of the orphans apprentices of Auteuil). French co. of radioelectricity (SFR) créée.

Until 1919 the private emissions of radiophonic messages will be prohibited, the radio being a weapon of guerre.

1920-Oct. the French State cannot avoid the concession with group CSF-SFR (general Company of radioelectric French TSF-co.) of the right to build and exploit a center powerful transmitter-receiver with Ste-Base (S.-and-Mr.). The operating co. takes the name of Radio operator France.

1921-22-6: 1st emission of broadcasting on the initiative of the CSF. -26-11: 1st diffused concert. -24-12 regular experimental emissions of the Eiffel.

1922 tower a Direction of national broadcasting is created at the postal and telecommunications authorities (entrusted to Marcel Pellenc). -6-11 startup of transmitters of 2 kw (wavelength 1 565 m) in Levallois-Perret. 1st emission bound for the public: 1st Radiola concert diffused at 8 p.m. 45, organized by the French co. of radioelectricity, 79, data base Haussmann (Paris), presented by "Radiolo" (pseudo of Marcel Laporte, former actor of Odéon? 1971 to 80 years); after agreement of the min. of the postal and telecommunications authorities, diffuses 2 poems, 2 pieces of song, 5 of orchestra and 1 solo of piano. The emission begin with walk from Alceste de Gluck, interpreted by an orchestra directed by Victor Charpentier (brother of Gustave), then they are the news bulletins, weather and comments sporting. -8-11 creation of Radiola, private station (exploited by the French Co of radiophony, in Levallois then in Clichy); will become Radio-Paris then the Parisian Station; 1st radio of State: Radio-postal and telecommunications authorities. -25-12 on Radiola, "Paris-Bethlehem" of George Angelloz, music of Victor Carpenter (1st part written for the radio).

1923-7-6: 3 transmitting stations: Radiola, the Eiffel tower and the School sup. of the postal and telecommunications authorities. -30-6 rectifying finance law (Article 85) extending the monopoly to the emission and the reception of the radioelectric signals of any nature. This monopoly "was justified" by various arguments: scarcity of the hertzian frequencies, inalienability of the hertzian public domain, respect of the International Conventions relating to the distribution of the frequencies, exercise of national sovereignty, safety of the country. The law left in the State faculty deliver authorizations of exploitation at private stations (granted by the Minister for the postal and telecommunications authorities), precarious and revocable, the administration reserving the right to exert a vehicle inspection on their holders. From 1923, the State develops a public network under the aegis of the Management of broadcasting; service external of the ministry for the postal and telecommunications authorities, Radio-postal and telecommunications authorities begins its regular emissions [ 1st station on waves moy. (450 m) ]. -23-11 decree: the receivers must be declared (for reasons for national Defense), the transmitters must require the authorization of the PTT.

1924-29-3 Radio-Paris (ex-Radiola) transmitting of 20 kw (out of 1 750 m) in Clichy; replace that of Levallois-Perret for the radio publique.1925 regional private stations. Radio operator plays of Jean Nohain on the Parisian Station (pertaining to Paul Dupuy, of "Small Parisian"). Appearance of the electric recording with microphone and amplificateur.

1926-28-12 Bokanovski Order in Council distributing the "radioelectric private stations and the transmitting stations of broadcasting" under the authority of the Minister for the postal and telecommunications authorities in 3 national stations and 18 regional stations. The State will repurchase the stations deprived from 1933.

1927 birth of the "Broadcast news of France", with Radio-PTT.

1928-19-3 law admitting 14 private stations (confirmed stations): Station Parisian, Radio-Agen, Radio-Béziers, Radio-Bordeaux-South-West, Radio-Juan-the-Pines, Radio-LL, Radio-Lyon, Radio-Mount-of-Marsan, Radio-Montpellier, Radio-Nimes, Radio-Toulouse, Radio-Vitus, Radio-Paris, Radio-Normandy (legalized in 1933).

1929 creation of the National office radiodiffusion.A to start it from 1929 any new authorization is not granted to a private station. the 1st publicity with the radio in France.

1930-3-11: 1st demonstration of television for the press, room of Olympia, Paris (material Baird).

1931-14-4: 1st public demonstration of TV, using an electromechanical process of Barthélemy, in the amphitheatre of the School higher of electricity than Malakoff (30 lines, screen 40 × 30 cm). Transmitter of Radio-Paris transferred to St-Rémy-the Honore (Yvelines; 80 kw, then 120, then 150) -6-5 beginning of the colonial Station: broadcast transmitting station in Pontoise. 1st program on short waves. - at the end of Dec. transferred studios 98 (a), data base Haussmann, Paris.

1932 1 million radio stations. 1st network of French television: Paris-television, Barthélemy uses the transmitter of Paris-postal and telecommunications authorities. Experimental emissions of 30 lines Thursday from 15 to 4 p.m., as from Dec.; tous.les.jours (except Sunday) at 8 a.m. 15 or 14. 15 (30 to 45 min) starting from janv.; wavelength 441 m, power 0,8 kw; approximately 30 destinataires.

1933 the State repurchases Radio-Paris with the CFR and various provincial stations. Henri Queuille, min. of the postal and telecommunications authorities, make install a rudimentary studio of TV to the 87, street of Grenelle in Paris, permanently connected to the transmitter of the postal and telecommunications authorities. -25-4 public demonstration of television speaking in the auditorium about the Parisian Station (Fields-Élysées). -31-5 tax on receivers, n the other hand the public stations will not make any more publicity. -9-9: 1st meeting of circus televised at 16. 30. -24-12 festival with the hotel Majestic for Branly, emission of television of station postal and telecommunications authorities. -31-12: 12 private stations and 14 of State + 3 private radio stations: Luxembourg (1932), Assembles-Carlo, Andorre.

1934 Marcel Bleustein-Strainer repurchases Radio-LL which becomes Radio-Quoted. - June 1st catch of sights in the open air in France in the gardens close to the ministry for the Trade. These 1st emissions are received by some people who arranged themselves their apparatus but are collected at distances larger than today, because they are diffused on medium waves. The night, one can receive English emissions in Paris, and one will collect in Toulouse of the emissions made in Le Havre. 1st public receiver of television by the Co of the meters, Integra; 400 to 500 receivers at the end of 1934 in Fr.

1935-13-2 institution of the Council sup. of the radio. -26-4 official inauguration of the TV (between 8 p.m. 15 and 20. 30 to the 103, street of Grenelle); conference of the actress Beatrice Bretty; diffusion in 60 lines; range of the station (500 W): 100 km around Paris. -10-11 George Mandel inaugurates with the Eiffel tower the 1st public emission 180 lines; the emissions can be received out of radio in Paris by the wireless operators paying of the special receivers. -17-11 provisional transmitter of 2,5 kw on the Eiffel lathe. -18-11: 17. 30 at 19. 30, demonstration for the press, with Susy Wincker 1st announcer since June (camera 180 lines). Experiments in Toulouse (Oct.), Strasbourg (Nov..) and Limoges (Dec.). Receivers (Barthélemy example under the Emyvisor mark) on sale 5 000 to 10 000.

1936 3 million stations radio.

1937 the network of broadcasting of State Radio-postal and telecommunications authorities is set up with 3 national stations and 18 relays in province. -4-1 regular emissions of TV in france, transmitter of 25 kw (week of 11 H at 11 a.m. 30, 20 H at 8 p.m. 30; Sunday 17. 30 at 19. 30). Germany adopts the 441 lignes.

1938 regular emissions in 445 lines of the Eiffel tower (long of wave 6 m, power 30 kw). -17-10 decree on the right of control political of the State on the radio.

1939 service entrance of the transmitter of Allouis (Expensive) on 164 KC, total power 900 kw. - Janv. reinforced transmitter of the tower Eiffel (power max. 5 kw). -29-7 decree creating national Broadcasting French (RN) equipped with a budget autonomous and placed under the authority of the president of the Council [ it is attached to the general police station of Information for all that touches with information (1st general police chief: Jean Giraudoux of the 29-7-1939 to the 21-3-1940) ]. 15 H of emissions by sem. 5 million stations radio.

1940-1-4 gouv. Reynaud; the RN is attached to the min. Information (created by decree); -8-4 with the presidency of the Council; -17-6 Pétain government; with the min. of the Interior; -19-6 with the presidency of the Council under the authority of one High-Commissioner to Propaganda (Jean Prouvost 19-6 to the 23-6); -18-7 with the vice-presidency of the Council; -13-12 with the presidency of the Council;

1941-4-1 to the Foreign Affairs; -10-2 with the vice-presidency of Conseil.

1942-7-11 law of Vichy reorganizes the radio and authorizes it to take participations in the deprived stations thus placed under supervision of the State. The Co of the meters and the German firm Telefunken sign an agreement for a station Paris-Television. Inaugurated 29-9-1943 the, diffuse one in 421 lines since the Eiffel.

1943-8-5 tower to 16 or 17-8-1946 Paris-Television (director Kurd Hinzmann) enters in service under German control [ in 1942 the French administration bought Magic City, 188, street of the University, the Family one of Alma, 13-15, street Cognacq-Jay and the garage which separates them (emits 4 J out of 7 of 10 H with 12 H, 3 J of 15 H with 17 H and all the J of 20. 30 to 22 H: varieties, theatre in French and German). High-speed motorboats: Howard Vernon, Léo Marjorie, Pipo clowns and Rhum, Jacques Chesnay, Olivier Hussenot. Approximately 1 000 receivers (whose hospital and hearths allemands).

1944-22-6 ordinance create a direction of Broadcasting. -12-8 transmitter of Allouis destroyed by Germans (given in service 19-10-1952: long wave, 250 kw). -2-10 radio attached to the police station of Information.

1945-23-3: 2 ordinances confirm the monopoly of the State requisitioning all the installations of private stations. The RN becomes RDF (French Broadcasting). -1-10 the transmitter of the Eiffel tower of 441 lines, damaged in 1940, again ensures the émissions.

1946 provisional organization of the radio and television. 4 complementary networks. Paris-inter (France I), france II (regional), france III (cultural national), france IV (high fidelity). Emission of TV 1 H per day (16. 30 at 5 p.m. 30) and evening Tuesday and Friday. - Oct. "Paris-Cocktail" (which will become "Tele Paris") of Jacques Chabannes and Roger Féral. -17-12: 1st bulletin TV weather in France.

1947-5-6 variety shows retransmitted on line of the Theatre of the Fields-Élysées in Paris (official reception organized by Aimee Mortimer).

1948-25-7: 1st arrival of the Turn of France on line to the TV (report animated by Jacques Sallebert). -20-11 the decree Mitterrand (min. of Information) fixes the French standard at 819 lines; but the transmitter with 441 lines must continue its emissions until 1958 (it will be destroyed by a fire the 31-1-1956). -24-12 midnight mass on line of ND of Paris to the TV.

1949-9-2 the RDF becomes the rtf (Broadcasting and television of France). Dir. gén.: Wladimir Porché (1910-84). -25-5: 2 announcers recruited on contest, Jacqueline Joubert and Arlette Accart. -29-6 Pierre Sabbagh presents the 1st television news [ there is 1 794 receivers in Paris area (daily newspaper the 1-1-1950) ]. -30-7 law taxing the receivers: 3 000 old franks (AF); 6 000 in public places. - Oct.. 1st emission for children (Télévisius magician). -2-10 beginning of the television news: 15 min. -9-10: 1st mass of Sundays (to 6 p.m.). 15-12: 2e transmitting on 819 lignes.

1950-10-4 transmitting TV of Lille in service, in a provisional way (there are then 3 794 receivers in france). - Oct.. 1st serial French TV: "The Nostradamus Agency" (policier).

1951-2-3: 1st dramatic video: "No agreement for Mister Blake". -24-5 law authorizing collective publicity in the emissions of the RTF.

1952 invention of Nagra, spring tape recorder, by S. Kudelski. -14-2 hertzian relay Paris-Lille. -9-7 startup of the converter which makes it possible the receivers of 441 lines to receive emissions external and reports on line as on 819 lignes.

1953-2-6 crowning of the queen of Eng. on line out of Fr. -2-11 transmitter TV of Strasbourg in service. -25-12 relays ensure its connection with Paris. Beginning of the "Sequence of the spectator" (record of longevity in france). -31-12 law relating to the appropriations assigned to the rtf for 1954, formulating for the 1st time the monopoly of programming and production.

1954 introduction of the frequency modulation in Paris (musical program of Jean Tardieu and Constant Marius). -11-5: 1st retransmission in france by mobile relays (of Turns in Paris) on large screen (theatre of the Palate of Chaillot). -13-6: 1st retransmission on line of the 24 H of Mans.

1955 launching of Europe No 1.1956-2-1: 1st legislative elections on line. -2/3-1 the transmitter of 441 lines of burnt the Eiffel tower will not be repaired; replacement of the apparatuses in 441 lines (given from 5 000 AF).

1957-16-6: 1st images on line of the sea-bed (Cdt Cousteau).

1958-1-1: 1st of the "Five Last Minutes" of Claude Loursais.

1959-4-2 the rtf becomes publicly-owned establishment of the State related to commercial industrial and, equipped with an autonomous budget, placed under the authority of the minister in charge of the Information (not of body délibérant).

1962-11-7: 1st connection TV by satellite TELSTAR I between the USA and Parisian experimental transmitting Europe.

1963-16-5 of the 2e diffuse chain programs color, on channel 22, power 100 kw. -21-12 official beginning of the 2e chain in black and white on 625 lines. -20-10 national programs of radio operator diffused on 4 "chains": Paris-inter (France I), regional program (france II), national (france III) and high fidelity (france IV).1964 disappearance of the "regional" transmitters, creation of France-Inter, France-Culture, France-Music.

1964-27-6 law creating the ORTF (22-7 decree of application). Placed under the supervision (and either the authority) of the ministry for Information aiming at controlling the respect of the obligations of public utility. Organization: board of directors from 14 to 28 members (representing the State: 50 %, and listeners, televiewers, newspaper industry, personal and highly qualified people: 50 %). Directing gén. and gén. assistant named by decree in the Council of Ministers. Pt named by the Council of Ministers. Budgets and accounts subjected to the control a posteriori of the min. of supervision and the min. of Finances (control of State instituted in 1968). Each year, at the time of the vote of the finance law, the Parliament has to authorize the collection of the royalty for right of user of the radio sets and tele. The monopoly of production (stated in 1953 and reaffirmed in 1960) does not appear any more in the decree on the statute of the personnels.

1965 1st televised presidential campaign.

1966-2-7 law instituting with the profit of the listeners and televiewers a right to the antenna and guarantees relating to freedom and quality of réception.

1967-1-10 at 14. 15 official beginning of the Fr color. (1 500 receivers color in service) on the 2e chain. -5-10: 1st television game: The Word more long.

1968-20-8/1-10 after strikes, taken again in hand of the ORTF. Decree widening the composition of the council of admin.; reduction of the supervision of the min. of Finances, the min. of Information becomes secretariat of État.

1969-sept. 2 units distinct from television news enter in competition; 2 distinct directors starting from janv. 1970.

1970 publicity of mark to the TV on the 2 chains. -30-6 commission of studies (Pt: Lucien Paye) recommends to replace the ORTF by a holding of State controlling several autonomous co.s of radio and of tele, the monopoly being préservé.

1972-13-5 Jean-Jacques de Bresson, hostile with the parcelling out of the ORTF, resigns. -3-7 law amending of the ORTF, but confirming the monopoly of programming and diffusion. The ORTF remains an industrial and commercial publicly-owned establishment, but the chairman from now on is named for 3 years per decree in the Council of Ministers [ 1st chairman, Arthur Conte (born 31-3-1920) named 14-7, dislocated its functions 23-10-1973 ]. Board of directors of 24 members. Creation of 2 distinct chains, and creation of the High Council of audio-visual chaired by the Prime Minister (includes/understands members of Parliament and personalities of the field cultural, artistic, scientific, technical, legal, professional, family and trade-union, has an advisory role and intervenes at the request of the government). Publicity cannot exceed 25 % of the resources of the ORTF. The law limits the exemptions from the monopoly of radio to 4 cases: programs intended "for the public given ones", emissions in closed loop "in deprived enclosures", experiments of scientific research and cases where "the interest of national defense or public safety" is concerned. -31-12 launching of the 3e chain of TV (color) on 625 lines. 1974-8-7 law delegating the monopoly of State to TDF, dividing the ORTF into 6 autonomous organizations [ French co. of production (SFP), mixed economy with majority interest of the State; 3 national co.s of program to the capital entirely held by the State: TF1, Antenna 2 and FR3 (charged to coordinate the regional delegations of the ORTF become regional centers with reinforced autonomy); Remote transmission of France (TDF), publicly-owned establishment, industrial and commercial, in charge of the diffusion of the programs and the maintenance of the networks; National institute of audio-visual (Ina), publicly-owned establishment, industrial and commercial, ensuring conservation and management of the audio-visual files like their marketing, in charge of research on creation audio-visual and having to lead training activities to the trades of audio-visual ]; supervision of the Prime Minister min. and the deputy min.; Pts of the organizations and certain administrators named by the State; The high Council of audio-visual maintained; fixing of the ceiling of 25 % to the advertising revenues of marks confirmed, creation of a Commission of the royalty and a Commission of quality; development of schedules of conditions specifying the missions of the 6 organizations created. The dismemberment of the Office will involve the multiplication of double employment, the thinning down of the means and competition between the chains will be done at the expense of the quality of the programs.

1975-janv. installation of the co. nat. of program France-Areas (initials: FR3). Diffuse 4 on average h/j. 22 regional stations controls by 11 regional directions make it possible to see 35 min specifically regional TV. Daily regional program of radio operator policy-holder by 29 centers (2 to 4 hours per day)

1976 first video tape recorders in France. -1-1 emissions colors on the 1st chain in 625 lignes.

1977-13-2 agreements of Geneva: the world administrative conference for broadcasting allots to each country a geostationary orbital position and 5 channels for programs of television. - Mars Radio operator green impetus by Brice Lalonde. -15-5 experimentation of Antiope (of Antiope Bourse).

1978-28-7 law enacting that "any person who violates the monopoly will be punished of a one month imprisonment at one year and of a fine of 10 000 F with 100 000 F or one of these 2 sorrows only". Nora-Minc Report/ratio; network TRANSPAC, adapted to the data transmissions to great flow, is opened with the professional services (data-processing applications). Development of the standard Teletel. 1st video tape recorders general public in France.

1979-févr. Franco-German agreement for the construction of the direct broadcast satellites TDF1 and TV Sat. Development of the "free radios": they are scrambled (18-5 confrontation in Longwy around "Lorraine C·ur d' Acier", free radio CGT) or are continued for infringement with the radio operator monopoly and TV (for example in August: business "Radio-Response", Parisian station of the PS).

1981-1-1 on TF1 sequence of 10 min which can be seen in relief with special glasses. The Commission chaired by Pierre Moinot recommends decentralization, the autonomy guaranteed by Hte Autorité independent of the capacity, the incentive with creation. -9-11 law establishing a transient state and envisaging an exemption from the monopoly applicable to the frequency modulation, authorizing the creation of local radios deprived by associations law 1901, reducing the sanctions inflicted (police sorrows) to the people who would diffuse without authorization. There cannot be publicity. Above 500 W, TDF must ensure the emissions. A schedule of conditions subjected to its control must be respected. On 21 Members of the Commission of distribution of the frequencies, 16 are selected on presentation of a minister. Stop of the jamming of the free radios.