|
 | Television
worldwide |
WAVES
(characteristics, allocated frequency bands, channel,
DAB - Digital Audio Broadcasting) | |
| FRENCH NETWORKS (waves - radio relay systems, satellites, cable) | |
| TELEVISION (band-width, bouquet, camera, numerical compression, decoder, definition, screen, transmitters, home cinema, mac, video tape recorder, multiplexing, pay per view, pixel, péritel, receiver, control, rétroprojection, remote control...) | |
| TELEVISION(... color TV... ) | |
| TELEVISION (... high definition television- TVHD, numerical television, paying television, satellite television, television by ADSL, television by mobile, transmission, tridimensionality, video, videodisk, video transmission, vidéoprojection) | |
| STORY (television, private local stations) | |
| STATISTICS (equipment, information, antennas, cameras, decoders, video tape recorders, television sets) | |
| INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS (UER, ASBU, ABU, CBU, CIRTEF, CRPLF, Eureka audio-visual, Eurimages, Eurovision/Euroradio, EVN, Ibero-americano, Media 95, NANBA, European Observatory of audio-visual, URTI, URTNA, television markets) | |
| MAIN AWARDS AND FESTIVALS FOR TELEVISION (Awards from foreign associations) | |
| Television in France |
| 1793 - 1981(ORTF) | |
| 1982 - 2001(Haca, CNCL, CSA) | |
| PUBLIC SERVICES BROADCASTING AND TELEVISION (CSA, TDF, SFP, INA) | |
| STATE COMPANIES (Radio France Internationale -RFI, France Télévisions, France 2...) | |
| STATE COMPANIES (...France 3, France 5, Canal France International - CFI, RFO, Arte, SOFIRAD) | |
| CABLE IN FRANCE (Some dates) | |
| LE CABLE IN FRANCE (Some figures) | |
| EUROPEAN SATELLITES TV (Asiasat 2, Astra, Atlantic Sat, BSB, Eutelsat, Globalstar, Hispasat, HS 601, Intelsat, Kopernikus, Marco Polo, Olympus, TDF, Télécom 1, Télé X, Thor, Tv-Sat 1) | |
| PRIVATE TELEVISIONS (TF1) | |
| PRIVATE TELEVISIONS (Canal +, La Cinq, Canalsat, M6) | |
| LOCAL TELEVISIONS | |
| TV AUDIENCE (Share of audience, duration of listening, investigations of audience, records of audiences) | |
| TV AUDIENCE (Médiamétrie Investigations, share of audience, by kind, age bracket) | |
| TV AUDIENCE (Médiamétrie Investigations - continuation, Associations of televiewers, telephobia associations) | |
| BUDGET (finance law, fiction, right of diffusion, cost of some emissions, investments, royalty, open televisions accounts) | |
| YOUTH RATING (History, categories, committees of visionnage, criteria recommended by the CSA) | |
| MANPOWER (Permanent manpower in the audio-visual, manpower of the chains, number of companies) | |
| TELEVISION ADVERTISING (Audience, forms, legislation, spots diffused, advertising duration, advertising investments, advertising receipts, taxes, volumes, tariffs, TF1, France 2, France 3, Canal +, France 5, M6, international comparisons) | |
| SHOPPING TV (Messageries, television, defense of the consumerr) | WAGES (sporting Consultants - remunerations by events covered in €, wages of the principal organizers) |
| LINKS (Audio-visual: Radio/Television) | |
| LINKS (News and media, TV magazines) | |
| LINKS (Leisure, Television) | |
ONDESCharacteristics. Propagation velocity: approximately 300 000 km/s. Frequency × wavelength = propagation velocity, usually as follows expressed: f
( Hz) × λ (en km) = c ( km/s). A radio operator signal
of 100 MHz (100 megahertz) has a wavelength of:λ = c
/ f = 300 000 / 100 000 000 = 0,003 km, i.e. 3 m. In a copper cable, the speed is lower than in the vacuum; the wavelength will be smaller bus, when a signal of frequency given is propagated in different mediums (where the propagation velocity is different), the wavelength of the signal varies, but not its frequency. The wavelength gives an indication on the order of magnitude length of the antennas emission or reception to be used. Reflexion: on the ionized layers of the atmosphere: D (to 75 km of altitude) and E (to 100 km) of day only; F (between 150 and 400 km) of day and night. Kilometric long waves (km): VLF (very low frequency) and long, LF (low frequency): reflect themselves on the lowest layer. Hectometric medium waves (hm) or MF (medium frequency): do not reflect themselves the day, only the wave of surface is used; the night, reflect themselves on the layer F, their range grows considerably. Decametric short waves (DM) or high frequency: reflect themselves day and of night on the layer F Ondes m (metric) or VHF (very high frequency), waves dcm (decimetre) or UHF (ultra high frequency), waves cm (centimetric) or SHF (super high frequency): cross the ionosphere without reflexion. Frequency and wavelength: broadcasting: long waves 0,1 to 0,375 MHz (3 000 to 800 m); small 0,375 to 3 MHz (800 to 100 m). Radiotelephonic broadcasting and communications: short waves 3 to 30 MHz (100 to 10 m). TV: 30 to 300 MHz (10 to 1 m). TV and radar: 300 to 3 000 MHz (1 to 0,1 m). Radar and interurban telephone calls: 3 000 to 30 000 MHz (0,1 to 0,01 m). Allotted frequency bands. The payment of the radiocommunications (revised in 1998) allotted, in the spectrum of the frequencies usable for the radiocommunications, certain bands with "broadcasting" (including television). Bands for "area 1" (Europe, Africa, Siberia...): in long waves: 148,5 to 283,5 Khz; medium waves: 526,5 to 1 606,5 Khz; short waves: some bands from 200 to 500 Khz around the frequencies (in MHz): 6-7-9-11-13-15-17-21; metric and decimetre waves: "frequency modulation": 87,5 To 108 MHz, TV: 47 to 68 MHz, 174 to 230 MHz and 470 to 862 MHz; centimetric waves: 11,7 to 12,5 GHz (for the satellites of direct diffusion); millimetre-length: 40,5 to 42,5 GHz, not yet used. The spectrum of the radio frequencies between 9 Khz and 400 GHz is divided between 37 services of radiocommunication civil or military, including 19 "of Ground" and 18 "space", of which: fixed services (example: connections by radio-relay systems); mobiles: terrestrial (radiotelephone, radiotaxi, firemen, police force, etc.) ; maritime (telephone links between ships or ships and the coast, signals hazard warning); by satellite (connections with space probes). Radionavigation: maritime (service of the headlights and beacons, piloting in ports or estuaries); aeronautics (raised of the points, instrument landing). Radiolocation and radiodetection (radars of ports and airports, embarked radars, followed of a spaceship). Radiometeorology. Radio amateurs. Broadcasting. Channel. Frequency band assigned with an emission. Width used: for the sound in amplitude modulation is approximately 10 to 15 Khz, of frequency 200 Khz; TV 8 MHz (including the sound). Into decimetre band, for television, the band was divided into 48 numbered channels from 20 to 68. With Eiffel Paris-Turn, the channels are: TF1: channel 25; France 2: channel 22; France 3: channel 28; M6: channel 33. Canal+ is diffused in metric waves DAB (Audio DIGITAL Broadcasting: numerical audio diffusion). Sound system of broadcasting allowing the diffusion of ten programs in a band of 1,5 MHz, by using a very great number of carrier waves modulated by numerical signals. Allows a good protection against jammings (in particular in mobile reception), a good quality of sound (identical to the DVB) and the transmission and the posting of various data [ messages of 32 characters maximum ]. Programs with toll (with other or smart card) are possible. Transmitters: frequency of 1,5 gigahertz (band L), flow of approximately 200 kilobits a second. Contrary to FM, each operator does not have his own frequency: the transmitters diffuse "blocks" from 5 to 9 programs, which supposes an agreement between the operators. Reception: fixed receiver or mobile requiring a modulator. Development stopped. | ||||||||
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