|
 | Television
worldwide |
WAVES
(characteristics, allocated frequency bands, channel,
DAB - Digital Audio Broadcasting) | |
| FRENCH NETWORKS (waves - radio relay systems, satellites, cable) | |
| TELEVISION (band-width, bouquet, camera, numerical compression, decoder, definition, screen, transmitters, home cinema, mac, video tape recorder, multiplexing, pay per view, pixel, péritel, receiver, control, rétroprojection, remote control...) | |
| TELEVISION(... color TV... ) | |
| TELEVISION (... high definition television- TVHD, numerical television, paying television, satellite television, television by ADSL, television by mobile, transmission, tridimensionality, video, videodisk, video transmission, vidéoprojection) | |
| STORY (television, private local stations) | |
| STATISTICS (equipment, information, antennas, cameras, decoders, video tape recorders, television sets) | |
| INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS (UER, ASBU, ABU, CBU, CIRTEF, CRPLF, Eureka audio-visual, Eurimages, Eurovision/Euroradio, EVN, Ibero-americano, Media 95, NANBA, European Observatory of audio-visual, URTI, URTNA, television markets) | |
| MAIN AWARDS AND FESTIVALS FOR TELEVISION (Awards from foreign associations) | |
| Television in France |
| 1793 - 1981(ORTF) | |
| 1982 - 2001(Haca, CNCL, CSA) | |
| PUBLIC SERVICES BROADCASTING AND TELEVISION (CSA, TDF, SFP, INA) | |
| STATE COMPANIES (Radio France Internationale -RFI, France Télévisions, France 2...) | |
| STATE COMPANIES (...France 3, France 5, Canal France International - CFI, RFO, Arte, SOFIRAD) | |
| CABLE IN FRANCE (Some dates) | |
| LE CABLE IN FRANCE (Some figures) | |
| EUROPEAN SATELLITES TV (Asiasat 2, Astra, Atlantic Sat, BSB, Eutelsat, Globalstar, Hispasat, HS 601, Intelsat, Kopernikus, Marco Polo, Olympus, TDF, Télécom 1, Télé X, Thor, Tv-Sat 1) | |
| PRIVATE TELEVISIONS (TF1) | |
| PRIVATE TELEVISIONS (Canal +, La Cinq, Canalsat, M6) | |
| LOCAL TELEVISIONS | |
| TV AUDIENCE (Share of audience, duration of listening, investigations of audience, records of audiences) | |
| TV AUDIENCE (Médiamétrie Investigations, share of audience, by kind, age bracket) | |
| TV AUDIENCE (Médiamétrie Investigations - continuation, Associations of televiewers, telephobia associations) | |
| BUDGET (finance law, fiction, right of diffusion, cost of some emissions, investments, royalty, open televisions accounts) | |
| YOUTH RATING (History, categories, committees of visionnage, criteria recommended by the CSA) | |
| MANPOWER (Permanent manpower in the audio-visual, manpower of the chains, number of companies) | |
| TELEVISION ADVERTISING (Audience, forms, legislation, spots diffused, advertising duration, advertising investments, advertising receipts, taxes, volumes, tariffs, TF1, France 2, France 3, Canal +, France 5, M6, international comparisons) | |
| SHOPPING TV (Messageries, television, defense of the consumerr) | WAGES (sporting Consultants - remunerations by events covered in €, wages of the principal organizers) |
| LINKS (Audio-visual: Radio/Television) | |
| LINKS (News and media, TV magazines) | |
| LINKS (Leisure, Television) | |
TV EUROPEANS SATELLITESDistribution of the chains by satellite in Europe (in 1995). 140 diffused by 170 channels. In 1994, 98 chains of which: in English 43 (Astra 56 %, Intelsat 23, Eutelsat 21); in German 33 (DBP 46 %, Astra 39, Eutelsat 9, France Telecom 6); in French 22 (France Telecom 81, DBP 9, Astra 5, Eutelsat 5). Number of chains per satellite in France (in 1995). French chains (in clair/encrypted) and, between brackets, foreign: Astra 3/10 (30/40), Eutelsat 2F1 4/1 (23/3), Eutelsat 2F2 0/0 (15/4), Eutelsat 2F3 0/0 (7/1), Telecom 2A 1/10 (0/0), Telecom 2B 5/5 (0/0). Number of programs diffused on France (1st trim. 1996): Astra 106, Eutelsat II-F1: 41, Telecom 2A: 10, 2B: 10 Number of subscribers with at least 15 chains in France (source: IP France): 1997: 7 365 800; 98: 9 246 100. Asiasat 2. Star-TV(Asian network repurchased by Murdoch) wants to launch 40 chains in 3 years. Astra. System of 13 satellites (orbital positions 19,2/28,2/23,5/24,2o Is) exploited by ITS Astra (European ex-co. of the satellites created 1985). Sit: Betzdorf (Luxembourg). Subsidiary companies: England, Germany, Spain, France, Poland. Sales turnover (head office ITS Total, in 2004): 1 147 million ·. Norme of diffusion: Stake 2d, Mac, MPEG 2. Zone of cover: Europe. Astra 1A. Launched 11-12-1988 during the 1st commercial flight of ARIANE 4. Startup: 4-2-1989 Hearths served in Europe (in million, to the 31-12-2002): 92 including 34 in direct reception (individual and collective). In France: 4,6 including more than 3 in direct reception (individual and collective). Atlantic Sat (Ireland). Launched 1990. BS. See Yuri, p. 230 c. BSB (G.-B.). Operator: Satellite British Broadcasters (5-11-1990 with Sky Television amalgamates). With used Marco Polo in 1990 then Astra starting from févr. 1991. See p. 230 c. Eutelsat SA.Limited company with directory and board of directors (see p. 229 c). Created 2-7-2001; succeed the European organization of telecom by satellite, created 1977. Members: 48 countries public and private operators of telecom. Eutelsat. First launched between 1983 and 88 : I-F1-F2-F3-F4-F5 ; II-F1. Globalstar. 4 satellites launched 14-2-1999. (See 'Index.) Hispasat (Spain). 1A : launched 10-9-1992. 1B :launched22-7-1993, 30o Ouest.Cover Western Europe and Spanish-speaking America, diffuses 5 Pal channels HS 601. 3 sat. DBS (Direct Broadcast Satellite) : -1 : launched déc. 1993 par Ariane. Intelsat. 35 satellites (see p. 229 c). Kopernikus. DFS 1 :launched oct. 1992. Operator: German Bundespost. Channels of television: 13 out of Stake DFS 2 and DFS 3 except do not transmit chains of television daily local unhookings of 30 min. Marco Polo. Sat. de BSB, 5 chains since August 1990 in D2 Mac. Olympus (sat. of European space Agency). launched12-7-1989 (see p. 230 b).End of mission 31-8-1993. TDF. History of TDF 1 and TDF 2: 1979-2-10 Franco-German top decides the construction of TDF 1, TDF 2 and TDF 3; following the Cannac report/ratio, France engages in the 2 technical dies: low and average power (20 to 50 W with Telecom 1) and strong power (230 W, with TDF 1). TDF 1 (which replaces the project L Sat, financed by All. 54 % and France 46 %) are conceived by Eurosatellite (see operator below) within the framework of a co-operation franco-all. envisaging the joint development of a system of direct diffusion by satellites (TDF for France, TV Sat for Germany), relaying each one 4 chains and able to cover whole Europe. 1983 progress of electronics makes less obvious the advantage of the satellites of strong power. 1984-9-3 report/ratio Gerard Théry: TDF 1 is technologically exceeded and economically nonviable. 1985 Pt Mitterrand authorizes the creation of hertzian chains private, which makes lose of its interest to the satellite. 1986-11-3 attribution of 5 channels to the cultural chain, the 5 and a consortium carried out by Berlusconi, Maxwell, Seydoux and Kirch. - May agreement cancelled by the gouv. Chirac. 1987-12-1 report/ratio Contaminates: a co. of marketing of satellites TDF 1-TDF 2 can be made up. Gerard Longuet, min. of the postal and telecommunications authorities, and François Léotard, min. of the Culture and the Communication, is opposed to the continuation of the program. -21-10 ratio J-Pierre Souviron (old dir. gén. Industry): TDF 1 is not profitable, it already cost 1,7 billion F the State. Its complete stop would cost of them 0,6 and its launching 0,8 (1,361 with TDF 2). 1988-31-8 Michel Rocard (PM) judge the "perfectly hateful" situation but authorizes the launching of TDF 1 pennies certain conditions. More than 2 billion F were already spent. The abandonment of TDF 1 following the failure of German TV Sat 1 would be likely to deprive of means European industry for the conquest of the markets of television high definition. -20-10 TDF 1 launched by ARIANE 2. -28-11: 1st emission. 1989-20-4 SCA distributes the channels since 1990; -1-8: 20. 35 TDF 1 break down. 2 H later, 4 channels out of 5 restarted; channel 1 (allotted to Sport 2/3) remains broken down, is neutralized 27-9. 1990-24-7 TDF 2 launched by ARIANE 4, -16-8 completely operational. -12-9 failure of channel 17 of TDF 1 (given in service 14-5-1991). -21-9 SCA réattribue channels of TDF 1 (Canal+ Deutschland left TDF 1). -11-10 failure of tubes 1 and 13 of TDF 2 following a solar eclipse. -26-11 Eymery report/ratio made public. Devote abandonment die TDF on satellites of strong power and proposes negotiation on plans of frequencies. At the end of the lifetime, TDF 1 and 2 were yielded to Eutelsat then with a Russian co.. TDF 2 broke down in 1998. Operator: Franco-German consortium Eurosatellite which gathers Aérospatiale (deputy building owner) and the Alcatel firms Espace, Thomson, TST, ANT and ETCA. Capital of TDF [ budget annexes P and T 11 %, Cogecom (subsidiary company of France Telecom) 40 % ]. Cost of TDF 1 and, between brackets, of TDF 2 (in million F): development and manufacture of satellite 973 (766), launching and insurance 501 (689), put at station and industrial assistance 125 (83), connection and various (D2 Mac) 130 (90). Total 1 729 (1 628). 2,2 billion F is dealt with by State and CNES; the remainder by TDF (left in own capital stocks, part in loans). Number of hearths which received the programs of TDF 1/2 (to the 1-1-1995): 52 000. Télécom 1 (12 channels, life envisaged 7 years). [See also p. 230 c.] 1 A. Launched 4-4-1984, mis en service en déc, fin de service 28-8-1992. 1 B. Launched 8-5-1985, mis en service 31-7. Tombé en panne 15-1-1988. Coût 700 millions de F dont lancement 300. 1 C. Launched 11-3-1988, mis en service en juin. Télécom 2A. Launched 16-12-1991. 2C. Launched 6-12-1995 ; pour transmissions professionnelles [coût total : 6,3 milliards de F (financés par France Télécom 60 %, Délégation pour l'armement 40)].2D. Launched 7-8-1996 1, 8o Ouest, 11 répéteurs. Télé X (Suède). Launched avril 1989. 4 chaînes. Thor (ex-Marco Polo 2, sold by the BSkyB network in Norwegian Telecom in June 1992). Operator: Telenor (ex-Norwegian Telecom Satellite Division). Members: Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden. Launching: 17-8-1990. Orbital position: Western 0,8o. Channels: 9. TV-Sat 1 (All. féd.). Launched 20-11-1987, did not deploy one of its 2 solar panels and could not have functioned taking into account a wear of the conduits being used to stabilize it (cost 3 billion F). TV-Sat 2 (All. féd.) Launched 9-8-1989. 2 chains. Projects. Tel-Sat (Switzerland), Nordsat (Sweden), Unisat (GB), Sarit (Italy), Sabs (Saudi Arabia): all abandoned with the profit of Europesat. TV-Sat 1 and TDF 1 have a power of emission of 230 W, weigh 2 T, can embark 5 relay transmitters including 4 credits. The supplied energy is provided by solar panels supplying 5 travelling wave tubes (Signal) weighing 7,3 kg with their power supply unit. Satellites used for the diffusion of programmes of TV in French language for France. Astra (19,2o Is): TV Sport France 1,a, Eurosport 1,2. TDF 1/TDF 2 (Western 19o): Canal+ 2,b, MCA 2,a, International Channel France (CFI). Telecom 2A (8o Ouest): Canal+ 3,c, Channel J 3,c, Channel Jimmy 3,c, Cinécinéma Classic 3,c, Cinécinémas 3,c, Planet 3,c, TV Sport France 3,c, MCA 3,c, Canal+ 2,b, Cinécinémas 2,b, France 2 16/9 2,a. Telecom 2B (Western 5o): TF1 3,a, France 2 3,a, Channel J 3,a, Channel Jimmy 3,a, Canal+ 3,c, Arte 3,a, M6 3,a. System Hot Bird d' Eutelsat (5 satellites with 13o Is): Fifth 1, Arte 1, international MCA 1, TV5 1, Canal+ Horizons 1, AB Channel 1. II-F3 (16o Is): RTM1 1, international Nile TV 1, TV7 Tunisia 1, Algerian TV 1. Nota : (1) Pal. (2) D2 Mac. (3) Secam. (a) Nonencrypted. (b) Eurocript. (c) Nagravision. | ||||||||
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