High definition television (HDTV). Chronology: 1969 beginning of research. 1972 NHK, Toshiba, Sony and Matsushita define system MUSE (see 1125 b). 1980 normalize Mac worked out by British. 1985 the UER (see p. 1127 c) recommends D2 Mac. 1986-12/15-5 assembly of the CCIR with Dubrovnik; Europeans propose D2 Mac CCIR; then HD Mac, compatible with existing Stake and Secam. 1987 with the satellites of direct diffusion, installation of the Mac standards for new programs. 1988-janv. the JPEG (Joint Photographic Expert Group), constituted semi-1986, selects the most promising algorithm that the CCETT (French) had already proposed. MPEG (Motion Expert Picture Group) develops numerical TV and projects multi-media. - Seven. With Brighton, presentation with the IBC (Convention intern. of broadcasting) of equipment of analogical HDTV. The USA, the FCC (Federal Communication Commission) lance programs ATV (Advanced TV) diffusable by way terrestrial in the channels existing and likely to be received on compatible television sets NTSC. 1988-89 numerical at the stage of the production. 1989-21-5 UER decides for HD Mac - June the parliamentary Office of evaluation of the scientific and technological choices presents numerical television like still a "dream". 1989-90 installation of a memory of image in television sets 4: 3 (current format) making it possible to double rate weaves: 50 images instead of 25 (country with network of 50 Hz); 60 instead of 30 (country with network of 60 Hz), study of a single system with 100 Hz. 1990 EDTV in Europe; installation of the 1st receivers D2 Mac format 16/9 (france and Germany). -8-6 General Instruments proposes numerical system DigiCipher. 1991 Europeans launch Savoy 1250 (GIE) which produces 13 H of programs per day in HDTV with the OJ of Albertville. - April 91 at April 92: 6 projects tested for standard HDTV amér. [ including 2 analogical (improved NTSC, Japanese system MUSE) and 4 numerical (including 1 of TCE) ]. -25-11 Japan, launching of HiVision, chain HDTV (8 H of program by J for 500 listed stations) which gathers NHK, private chains and producers (126 members). -5-12 General Instrument (the USA) announces prototype numerical HDTV. -15-12 Filmnet diffuses in simulcast, D2 Mac/Pal in Scandinavia (150 000 decoders). -19-12 the USA, the standard D2 Mac will be essential the 1-1-1995 on the new services (the existing operators are exempted by it); construction of the networks in 1995, diffusion in simulcast (normal program doubled by a version high definition diffused on close channel) in 1997. In Europe, English and Germans cause Pal+: to be able to diffuse on a ground network and in a compatible way out of Stake of the emissions in 16/9, one will use more for one conventional image only 432 lines (instead of the 576 of then). The remainder will be used to widen the image for the television sets equipped with the ad hoc receiver. This project marginalises the processes French (Secam and D2 Mac: only means of diffusing images into 16/9). A directive the EEC imposes D2 Mac for 1995 and the new satellite chains (SLACKNESS: Memorandum of understanding). 1992-1-3 in France: 1 200 receivers equipped in 16/9 D2 Mac. -12-3 the standard D2 Mac having been imposed on Telecom 2, Canal+ gives up assembling on this satellite 7 chains of which he is shareholder: the promotion of the decoder D2 Mac from France Telecom would deprive Canal+ of its monopoly in fact on the encrypted decoders in Secam). Andre Rousselet, owner of Canal+, are for a bouquet of encrypted chains in Secam on Telecom 2A, being accompanied by certain diffusions in simulcast 16/9 and D2 Mac. It bets in the long term on the numerical compression which supposes the installation of a terminal at the user to decompress. 1993-févr. The EEC gives up Mac for the numerical one. Philips defers the production of receivers HD Mac - DirecTV Dec., thanks to the 1st numerical satellite of TV, launched by ARIANE, proposes to the Americans 120 chains paying sets of themes. the 1994 overcosts of the production in HD Mac and the commercial failure of D2 Mac (the television sets format 16/9 being worth of 13 000 to 30 000 F) encourage to privilege the numerical one. - July Canal+/Bertelsmann agreement to develop in Europe of new services of paying television. draft-agreement 1995-August Canal+/Bertelsmann/CLT for an acquisition of a holding of the CLT in the capital of Seca. 1996-janv. rupture CLT/Canal+ negotiations of entry of the CLT to the capital of CanalSatellite. - Févr. draft-agreement CLT/Murdoch to create common company. -March announces of "alliance with 4" BSkyB/Bertelsmann/Canal+/Havas for development of numerical television in Europe, the launching of a numerical bouquet on France AB Production on Eutelsat, of the fusion of the audio-visual poles of Bertelsmann and CLT, of the joint launching of TPS (satellite television), numerical bouquet on France by TF1 (25 %), France Television (25 %), Lyonnaise of Water (10 %), M6 (20 %) and the CLT (20 %), on Eutelsat (estimated total cost: 2,5 billion F over 5 years). -27-4 marketing in France of the numerical Canal+/CanalSatellite bouquet emitted by Astra satellite. - Bertelsmann at the end of June withdraws bouquet TPS. - Murdoch at the end of July is withdrawn from "alliance with 4" and joined Leo Kirch. The International Standardization Organization (Iso) and European Lauching Group (ELG) bring together the European operators of cabled networks, satellites and chains of TV: confusion and access control pose problems [ in Europe, 3 systems coexist sometimes on the same satellite (example: Astra): Vidéocrypt: access control of the BSkyB chain; Sister: access control of the chains associated with Canal+ on Telecom A 2; Eurocrypt: used in Scandinavia for reception of the chains of Astra, and in France on cabled networks ]. For the nonpaying programs, the current stations of TV will have to be equipped with decoders to receive the numerical signals. the 1998 USA adopt standard of 1 080 lines and 1 920 points/ligne, is a number of pixels multiplied by 5. -29-10 return of the Discovery shuttle diffused on line in HDTV. Marketing of 1st television sets HDTV. -1-11 40 chains diffuse their first programs HDTV in the 10 principal cities of the USA. 1999 Motorola invents a chip, inserted in electronic system M-DTV, neutralizing the interferences in the diffusion of programs for the HDTV. 2003 2 million receivers HDTV in the USA (33 million envisaged at the beginning of 2007). The American wide-area networks propose 4 to 5 H of HDTV per day in terrestrial numerical diffusion. 2004-1-1 Belgian co. Alfacam emits a program HDTV on all Europe starting from the satellite Astra (Euro1080 chain: emissions diffused into 1 080 lines and 50 images persecond).

The integral and simultaneous diffusion numerically of the chains diffused into terrestrial - the simulcast - appears essential to allow to the televiewers having acquired equipment of numerical reception to have access to their current programs with the advantages related to the numerical diffusion.

Standards TV in the USA. SDTV (standard TV): 8 standards of 480 lines, 640 or 704 points/ligne, format 4/3 or 16/9, frequency 24, 30 or 60 Hz, progressive or interlaced sweeping. HDTV: 6 standards of 720 or 1 080 lines, 1 280 or 1 920 points/lignes, format 16/9, frequency 24, 30 or 60 Hz, progressive or interlaced sweeping.

Output norms. Usable for the HDTV, the images turned on supports comprising more than 1 000 lines: video HD or film (super-16 or 35 mm).

Système Muse (Multiple Sub-Nyquist Sampling Encoding) : normalizes conceived by NHK and requiring a bulk memory in order to store the 4 salvos of signals before reconstitution of the image on the screen. Incompatible with the existing stations, the numerical standards of the TV adopted by the CCIR since 1982, and the standards Mac (D2 Mac European Package, C Mac English Package, and B Mac developed in the USA by Comsat). Conceived for the electrical supply networks with 60 Hz (Japan and the USA). For the beginning of television, the frequency of the AC current had been used as a basis of time to fix the sweeping of the screen permanently and conditioned the number of lines to be swept on the screen. Americans and Japanese fed in 60 Hz chose a definition of 525 L. The Europeans fed in 50 Hz chose a definition of 625 L for Pal and Secam. The passage of the 50 to the 60 Hz, possible by conversion, expensive, is produced parasites and deteriorates the video signal more or less

Standard HDP (High Definition Progressive) :project Eureka 95: require a numerical flow in series of more than 1 billion bits a second. Intermediate standards were created [ sampling 4:2:2 bases (output norm in numerical components) ]. In order to allow the current channels TV to accept these flows, one resorts to the temporal compression of the image. Examples: Thomson: factor of compression of 20, General Instruments (project): 100. System compatible with the existing stations but exceeded by the numerical HDTV.

Numerical television. Each component of an image is coded into binary. Very fast microprocessors are used; the compression (from at least 32 per 1, to see p. 1123 b) makes it possible to reduce the number of information which one makes travel. With the arrival, the receiver contains a microcomputer, including/understanding microprocessors, algorithms of interpretation of the transmitted bits and memory making it possible to post the image. Advantages: better image (suppression of moired and flicker), maintained clear permanently (effects of the ageing of the tube automatically compensated); possible handling of the image (the remote control makes it possible to stop the image, to insert a 2e image of another chain, in window); its stereophony; bilingual emissions (after the installation of the satellites); suppression of 500 of the 600 components of the receiver.

Standard: DVB (Video DIGITAL Broadcast): group created in Europe in 1990, includes/understands more than 170 co.s of 21 country. Drank: following the program Spectrum, to define technical standards for marketing. Initials, adopted into seven. 1993, will apply then to the cable and the terrestrial reception (MMDS). Decided for the OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing): multiporteuse technology (see DAB, p. 1122 c).

Terrestrial numerical television (TNT). Emits in the radioelectric frequency spectrum of analogical television. Can be collected by antennas rakes without additional frequencies [ it is necessary to add a numerical decoder (cost approximately 100 ·) to the analogical television set which translates the signals received by the traditional antenna ]. This spectrum was occupied by 6 analogical chains (6 signals carried by 6 channels distinct from 8 MHz each one). The TNT uses the channels unutilised, known as "taboos". The numerical signal being compressible, 6 chains can be diffused on each channel, forming one "multiplexes". The community aerials having a selective filtering programmed to prevent the channels taboos from passing must be changed or adapted (average cost of adaptation 23 · per hearth), the same if the channels taboos were stopped by the antennist at the time of the installation to avoid any risk of interference, or were used by the user for a local television or intern. Advantages of the TNT on: hertzian diffusion: quality of improved reception and numbers programs increased; cable: cost of reduced deployment in residences; satellite: access to the collective dwellings facility and more discrete antennas. Standards of compression: MPEG 2 (Moving picture experts group): standardized in 1990. Definition of the image: 704 pixels by 576 lines. Chosen for free chains of the TNT. MPEG 4: standardized in 2000. Image: 1 920 pixels by 1 080 lines. Allows interaction in the programs and diffusion on mobile terminals in format DVB-H. Chosen for paying chains of the TNT.

History: 1998-Oct.. 1st experimentation by TDF. -15-11 hertzian numerical bouquet in GB (30 chains including 15 news). 1999 numerical hertzian in Sweden and Spain. - report/ratio April written for the min. of the Culture: numerical hertzian will be used at the same time as analogical about fifteen years. - private study July points out successive failures of the plan cables, satellites TDF1 and TDF2 or the standard D2 Mac - Dec. launching of the TNT envisaged at the end of 2001 or in 2002. 2000-August law Trautmann on the audio-visual one adopts principle TNT and request with the SCA a list of the frequencies available. - Seven. Patrick Lay (TF1) and Nicolas de Tavernost (M6) opposed to the TNT. 2001 beginning of numerical hertzian in Japan. -24-7 call by the SCA with candidatures for the TV numerical terrestrial (TNT). - Seven. France Télévisions obtains 152 million · to develop 3 new chains on TNT. 2002-1-2 with the OJ, decree on the TNT asking the câblo-operators to diffuse free chains in light (principle known as of the must curry). -22-3 fence of the deposit of the candidatures: 69 received files (including 26 new chains) for 22 channels. -30-3 authorized experimental diffusion (Antalis, with Paris and Western outskirts of the city). Bankruptcies of the numerical platforms TV Quiero in Spain and of ITV DIGITAL in GB -23-10 23 selected private chains (authorized the 10-6-2003). 2004 selected standards of diffusion: MPEG 2 for free chains, MPEG 4 for paying. 2005-31-3 launching of the TNT. 35 % of the French can collect 15 chains in numerical quality free; - seven. 50 %. 1st paying chains appear. 2006 1st television sets able to receive the TNT appear. 2007 85 % of the covered population. 2010-15 removed traditional analogical television.

Free chains: TF1, France 2, France 3, Channel + (in light), France 5, M6, Arte, Direct 8, W9, TMC, NT1, NRJ 12, the Chain parlementaire/Public Senate, France 4, I-tele 1, IMCM (Europe 2 TV) 1, BFM TV 1, GULLIVER 1. Paying chains: AB1, Canal+, Eurosport, LCI, Paris First, TF6, TPS Star, Channel J 1, Channel + Cinema 1, Canal+ Sport 1, Planet 1.

Foot-note: (1) Authorized by the SCA 9-5-2005.

Paying television. French hearths profiting from a widened offer (in million, 2003): 5,15 of which cables 2,28, CanalSat 2,04, TPS 1,2. Operators in France: sales turnover and, between brackets, turnover (in million ·, 2003): CanalSat 887 (115), Noos 297 (64), TPS 296 (2,3). Hacking: in Europe, 4 million private individuals would receive the chains via "patchés" decoders, smart cards pirated or connection on the analogical cable of their neighbor (source: AEPOC, European Association for the protection of the ·uvres and encrypted services). In 2002, Telepiù (then subsidiary of CanalSat) counted 1 pirate million holders of charts for 1,5 million real subscribers.

Satellite television. Principal operators in the world (in 2002): Direct TV (of the group Hughes Electronics/General Motors, the USA): subscribers (in million) 11,2; sales turnover (of billion $): 6,5. Echostar (the USA): ab. 8,1, CA: 4,8. BskyB (GB.) : ab. 6,1, CA: 4,3. SkyPerfect (Japan): ab. 3. CanalSatellite (France): ab. 2. Others: platforms with more than 1 million subscribers: Latin DirectTV America, CanalSatellite DIGITAL (Esp.), TPS (France), Express train Considering (Canada), Premiere World (All.), Telepiù (Italy); less than 1 million: 43.

Television by ADSL. Allows to deliver by numerical compression and the simple line of telephone of the programs of TV. Subscribers (in thousands, janv. 2005): Paying television: 100 of which France Telecom (My Line TV) 90; Free 11; Last nine Telecom 3. Free: 2 500.

Access high flow in France (in million, 2004): 6,53 of which ADSL 6,1, cable 0,45. Annual sales turnover: 1,46 million ·. (Source: ART.)

Number of subscribers with the ADSL (in million, to the 31-3-2005): Wanadoo 3,36, Free 1,21, Last nine Telecom 0,54, AOL 0,50, Tiscali 0,44, Cegetel 0,31, Télé2 0,30, Club-Internet 0,20.

Television on mobile. The mobile telecommunications networks make it possible to communicate of a point (final mobile) towards another point (final mobile). The diffusion with technology DVB-H makes it possible to diffuse video images starting from a single point bound for several points (mobile terminals).

Transmission. Analogical (Stake, Secam, NTSC, Mac, MUSE) when the signal is electric; numerical or digital when the video data travel in the form of quantified series, as in data processing. At the USA, AT&T-Paradyne developed a compression data allowing to transmit signals of TV on a traditional telephone line, with a flow from 1,5 to 2 million bits/s (current modems: 56 000/s to the maximum).

Tridimensionality. TV 3d: prototypes developed in particular by Samsung: 2 projectors provide images separated for each ·il, restoring, without glasses, the relief; the image follows the displacement of the pupils. 1st version designed by the American Parviz Soltan and carried out by Neos Technologies, marketed since 1995. February 2003: Pierre Allio manufactures very fine lenticular networks. Engraved with an accuracy of 2/10 000 of millimetre, the lenses proportioned with the format of screen LCD measure less than 1 mm of width (0,25 mm for a screen LCD 15 inches, for example). Exploited processes: 1o) double image [ Delbord and Roeper, with anamorphosis, in 1948 in Cnet (Issy-les-Moulineaux); Marc Chauvierre, without anamorphosis, in 1974 at Ivy ] taken again commercially by the USA and All. One needs adjustable special glasses according to the distance. 2o) successive Transmission of the images right-hand side and left with optoelectric obturator glasses synchronized with the receiver: very developed in Japan, the USA (Stereographic), France (Céralion). For holography (study in progress) it will take years for a concrete result. In 1978 Chauvierre proposed a lenticular network (Yves in the USA and Maurice Bonnet in France for the photo one) combined with matric sweeping (the sweeping of a cathode ray is not linear enough). Jacques Guichard took up the idea in Cnet, with good results in black and white, and uses the color (6 cameras, projection on large screen) at the institute Heinrich Hertz (Berlin). Studies resumed in Rennes with the CCETT (common Center studies remote transmission-telecommunications) [ Bruno Choquet ]. Technically, the problems of the TV 3/D are solved, but compatibility with the existing apparatuses remains a problem. Manufacture of an image in 3d: 1o) taken of double sight: a cast solid optics with 2 lenses separates, on the sensor of Caméscope, the 2 stereoscopic points of view necessary. 2o) a software splits each 2 point of view in subpixels (component red, green or blue of each pixel), which it redistributes by pairing them. 3o) the light signal emitted by each subpixel is focused on a ·il different by the lens from the network: the ·il right perceives the odd subpixels (composing the pixels of the 1st point of view); the left ·il pars (of the 2d). The brain reconstitutes then the 2 points of view for the stereoscopic image. The spectators must find the good position vis-a-vis with the screen.

Video. Allows to transmit to the transmitter the electronic images of an electronic camera. Allows emissions on line or the recording on magnetic tape. Caméscopes: built-in video tape recorder video cameras. On sale since 1983-84. Betacam, carried out by Sony with Thomson, is essential since 1982.

Videodisk. Allows to make pass on a television set of the images preregistered on disc. 1927 J.-L. Baird (13-8-1888/14-6-1946) tries out the storage of video signals on a gramophone with a disc 78 turns reproducing an image of 30 lines with 30 périodes/seconde. 1980-82 launching on a large scale, provisional failure for technical and commercial reasons. Standards: Philips (Laservision), RCA (Sélectavision) abandoned, JVC-VHD functioning only on abandoned television set NTSC amér.. DVD (Changeable DIGITAL Disc): the recording of 133 min (for the DVD 9, more allows running; DVD 18: 2 × 236 min) of film on each face, is 7 times more information than audio CD or CD-Romanian. Image (resolution: 720 points/ligne short 430 for a laserdisc) and its nearly perfect, many interactive functions (examples: format, language of doubling or subtitling, filtering of the scenes force); can read audio CD. Marketed since semi-1998. Sales of lecteurs/de discs (at the end of 1998): in France 80 000 (677 000), in the USA 1 500 000 (35 000 000). Titles available (in 1998): in France 250, in the USA 2 500.

CDI (Compact-Disc Interactif) et DVI (Digital Video Interactive) : see 'Index.

Video transmission. Collective mean of communication allowing to make take part in the same event and on line spectators located in various places in rooms equipped with giant screens. The transmission of the images and the sounds is ensured by the terrestrial radio relay systems or satellite.

Vidéoprojection. The images pass on a liquid crystal display (LCD: Liquid Crystal Display) with active matrix from which they are projected on a wall; to each pixel of the screen a transparent electrode likely corresponds to let pass more or less from light according to the received signal. With 100 000 points corresponding to 320 lines, the image has a definition lower than that of television (625 lines). Other technologies used: micromiroirs for portables and multimedia; tritube for fixed installations. Price (semi-2002): videoprojector (or "teleprojector") multi-media 3 000 to 15 000 €.

"Chip with images" of Texas Instrument, made up of 508 000 micromiroirs reorientated 50 fois/seconde, reproduced the images by reflexion and makes it possible to obtain an image as good as on flat-faced screen (see p. 1123 c) but on a screen 4 times larger.